Pre-Post Participant Questionnaire
The pre-post questionnaire has two parts to evaluate the influence of the SEEDS program on food parenting practices and feeding self-efficacy: 1) a short version of the original Food Parenting Inventory (FPI)1 that was used in the first SEEDS RCT (the first 31 items) and 2) a short version of the feeding self-efficacy questionnaire that was used in this same study (the last 8 items).2
You can download the questionnaire by clicking the link below:
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The short version of the FPI has six subscales. These are described below, along with their coefficient alphas (a measure of reliability). The first three subscales in the short version combine multiple subscales from the original FPI (see descriptions in parentheses); the last three subscales are the same as in the original FPI.
- Encouraging consumption of new foods (combination of the “encourage exploration of new foods” and the “repeated presentation of new foods” subscales) (.73)
- Structure of the food environment (combination of the “regular timing of meals/snacks,” the “monitoring” subscale, and the “inconsistent mealtimes” subscales) (.74)
- Pressure to eat/food as reward (combination of the “pressure to eat” and “food as reward” subscales) (.69)
- Serves measured portions (.80)
- Child involvement in food preparation (.79)
- Responsiveness to child’s fullness cues (.72)
For the short version of the feeding self-efficacy questionnaire, all of the items fall into one subscale.
- Feeding self-efficacy (.83)
Reanalysis of the SEEDS RCT data2 using the short version of the FPI and feeding self-efficacy questionnaire showed positive, statistically significant effects of the SEEDS program on all seven of the subscales described above. That is, compared to controls, mothers in the prevention group at the 12-month follow-up were more likely to encourage consumption of new foods, to provide a structured food environment, to serve measured portions, and to involve their child in food preparation. They also reported greater responsiveness to children’s fullness cues, reported greater feeding self-efficacy, and were less to report pressuring their child to eat or to use food as a reward.
Scoring the Pre-Post Participant Questionnaire
Scoring for six of the seven subscales are calculated by taking the average of the items making up the subscale (that is, adding up a participant’s responses to the items in a particular subscale and dividing by the number of items in that subscale):
- Encouraging consumption of new foods (average of items 3, 8, 11, 14, 17, 21)
- Pressure to eat/food as reward (average of items 1, 2, 12, 23, 29, 30, 31)
- Serves measured portions (average of items 9, 13, 26)
- Child involvement in food preparation (average of items 4, 5, 19)
- Responsiveness to child’s fullness cues (average of items 10, 18, 27)
- Feeding self-efficacy (average of items 32 through 39)
For the structure subscale, first reverse score the following items: 6, 7, and 24. (To reverse score the items, change participants’ answers to these three items as follows: change 1 to 5, change 2 to 4, change 4 to 2, and change 5 to 1; no need to change the 3’s). Next, calculate the average of the following items:
- Structure of the food environment (average of items 15, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28, reversed 6, reversed 7, and reversed 24)
1 Power, T. G., Johnson, S. L., Beck, A. D., Martinez, A. D., & Hughes, S. O. (2019). The Food Parenting Inventory: Factor structure, reliability, and validity in a low-income, Latina sample. Appetite, 134, 111-119.
2 Hughes, S.O., Power, T. G., Beck, A., Betz, D., Goodell, L. S., Hopwood, V., Jaramillo, J. A., Lanigan, J., Diaz Martinez, A., Micheli, N., Olivera Guerrero, Y., Overath, I., Parker, L., Ramos, G., Thompson, Y. P., Papaioannou, M. A., & Johnson, S. L. (2021). Twelve-month efficacy of an obesity prevention program targeting Hispanic families with preschoolers from low-income backgrounds. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 53, 677-690.